NEW DELHI // A battle over affirmative action for low castes threw the Indian parliament into disarray yesterday, threatening to derail the government's ambitious timetable for passing reforms this week that are aimed at opening up Asia's third-largest economy.
The lower house of parliament was due to vote on a bill to attract more foreign investment to banking, but proceedings were repeatedly disrupted by members of parliament angry at a plan to allow lower castes preferential promotions in government jobs.
"It won't happen, shut it down," shouted the MPs from the Samajwadi Party (SP) who surrounded the speaker's podium in the house. The house was finally adjourned until today.
The SP represents mainly the Yadav caste, may of whom are lower middle class, along with poor Muslims. Its supporters will not benefit from the promotions-quota bill, which is aimed at lifting members of the lowest castes in the Hindu hierarchy.
In the SP's home state of Uttar Pradesh, thousands went on strike from government offices and burnt posters of Sonia Gandhi, chief of the ruling Congress party.
The government, under prime minister Manmohan Singh, wants parliament to approve policies aimed at attracting foreign capital into banking, insurance and pensions before a recess this week, along with a bill to help land acquisitions for industrial and infrastructure projects.
The measures are part of a package of policies the government and business leaders say are needed to stabilise India's economy, which is running high fiscal and external deficits and is on track for the weakest year of growth in a decade, at below 6 per cent.
Disruptions are common in parliament. In the first three weeks of the month-long session the government has passed no major reforms, but it was able to fight off resistance to a flagship policy to allow foreign supermarkets to trade in India.
The government does not have a parliamentary majority and relies on support from the SP as well as its bitter rival, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), which draws its support from low-caste Dalits, formerly know as untouchables.
"We will vote against the bill. We want similar reservation for OBCs and minorities. The bill in the present form would divide society," said the SP general secretary, Mohan Singh.
The chaos in parliament underlines the problems the government will face in coming months as it tries to balance the conflicting demands of allies to pass the economic reforms and big-ticket welfare programmes ahead of general elections due in early 2014.
The upper house was expected to vote later yesterday on a constitutional amendment to allow the affirmative-action measure. The SP leader, Mulayam Singh, has threatened to withdraw support from the government over the caste bill, which is supported by most other parties.
Analysts, however, say the SP may be reluctant to withdraw support totally from the government because of a legal investigation into Mulayam Singh's assets. At the weekend the party accused the ruling coalition of blackmailing him with the threat of further investigation by a federal agency.
Sixty years after independence from Britain, issues around caste still play a major role in Indian politics, with leaders from the Dalit castes fighting for quotas for sought-after government jobs.
Both Mahatma Gandhi and India's 1949 constitution sought to unravel the caste system, but the identity politics of quotas has become a powerful electoral tool for parties across the spectrum, affirming rather than abolishing stratification.
The idea of preferentially promoting people from low castes through the civil service, not simply reserving some jobs for them, is particularly controversial and was opposed even by the Dalit politician responsible for crafting the constitution, BR Ambedkar.
