Tens of millions of people in the United States are bracing for a potentially life-threatening deep arctic chill forecast to hit swaths of the country on Wednesday.
Companies have told their workers to stay home, schools are closed and hundreds of flights have been cancelled.
The US Postal Service - known for its commitment to bringing the mail whatever the weather - has even reportedly suspended deliveries in Iowa due to the severe cold.
Temperatures in almost a dozen states stretching more than 1,930 kilometres from the Dakotas to Ohio were forecast to be the coldest in a generation, if not on record.
"One of the coldest arctic air mass intrusions in recent memory is surging south into the Upper Midwest before spreading across much of the eastern two-thirds of the country," the National Weather Service said.
"Expect frigid temperatures, bitterly cold and life-threatening wind chills, likely leading to widespread record lows and low maximum temperatures from the Upper Midwest to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley."
A record arctic air mass will remain over the central and eastern U.S. over the next several days. Wind chill values of 30 to 60 degrees below zero will be common across the northern Plains, Great Lakes, and upper Midwest.
— National Weather Service (@NWS) January 30, 2019
The cause is a swirl of arctic air that broke away from the polar vortex that usually encircles the North Pole.
The National Weather Service forecast temperatures between -23°C to -40°C by Wednesday across the Midwest.
Chicago, America's third largest city, was expected to be colder than parts of Antarctica.
Authorities in Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin put emergency measures in place to handle the frigid weather.
"We need everyone to do your part and make sure you and your families are prepared," said Illinois Governor JB Pritzker.
Americans were asked to stay home if possible on Wednesday, when temperatures are expected to be at their coldest.
Scores of schools, businesses and government agencies announced closures in multiple states.
"People exposed to extreme cold are susceptible to frostbite in a matter of minutes," warned the NWS.
Some 160 warming centres were opened in Chicago, where temperatures could potentially equal or exceed the all-time record of -32°C.
"They are life-threatening conditions and temperatures," Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel told a news conference.
In Minneapolis, officials allowed residents to stay on public buses and trains for warmth.
In the northeastern and southern United States, snow was falling.
A cold emergency was declared in the US capital Washington, with additional services put on for the homeless.
In Atlanta, some 300 flights were cancelled on Tuesday as the city prepares for the Super Bowl and more than 400 were cancelled in Chicago, a major regional hub for US airlines.
The plot of the upper air balloon observations at the Twin Cities, Minnesota office is so cold and dry it's literally OFF THE CHART! Wind chills tonight are downright dangerous in many spots. Stay warm and cover all exposed skin. #PolarVortex2019 pic.twitter.com/5nU8UAHW0n
— National Weather Service (@NWS) January 30, 2019
Scientists say climate change is causing more extreme weather, and one theory for polar vortex chills is that arctic air currents usually trapped around the North Pole are weakened and dislodged by a warming climate.
President Donald Trump used the occasion to again voice scepticism about climate change, tweeting: "What the hell is going on with Global Waming? (sic) Please come back fast, we need you!"
But the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which operates NWS, tweeted, "Winter storms don't prove that global warming isn't happening," with a link to a 2015 explanatory article.
