Iraqi forces closed in Monday on Tal Afar on the second day of an offensive against the last major bastion of ISIL in the country's north, seizing several villages around the city.
In the desert plains around Tal Afar, convoys of tanks and armoured vehicles could be seen heading for the jihadist-held city, raising huge clouds of dust.
The offensive launched at dawn Sunday comes only weeks after Iraqi forces retook second city Mosul from ISIL and as the jihadists also face assaults on their positions in neighbouring Syria.
Tal Afar was once a major supply hub between Mosul and the Syrian border and capturing it would be another major blow to ISIL's self-declared "caliphate" that once controlled large areas straddling Syria and Iraq.
The Iraqi army, federal police and counter-terrorism forces backed by 20,000 fighters from the Hashed Al Shaabi paramilitary group launched the offensive on Tal Afar.
They are battling ISIL on three fronts — the west, south and southeast — and commanders have told AFP they expect to tighten the noose on the jihadists by edging closer to the gates of the city.
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Read more:
[ The battle of Tal Afar and why Shiite militias are involved ]
[ Iraq begins ground attacks on ISIL in Tal Afar ]
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The federal police said its forces had retaken five villages on the western front, with its chief Raed Shakir Jawdat saying they were only "a few hundred metres from Al Kifah", the nearest western neighbourhood of the city.
The Iran-backed Hashed said its fighters had advanced to the edges of Tal Afar's western suburbs and Iraq's Joint Operations Command said counter-terrorism units had taken five villages from the southwest and "raised the Iraqi flag".
Iraqi forces have been pounding ISIL with mortar fire after weeks of air strikes to weaken the fighters who overran Tal Afar in 2014.
In an indication of their next target, Iraqi planes on Sunday and Monday dropped leaflets on the town of Hawijah to the south, urging residents to prepare as "retaking your city is the next goal of the armed forces".
The jihadists also still hold areas of the vast western desert province of Anbar, including the Al Qaim area on the border with war-ravaged Syria.
Concern for civilians
The battle for Tal Afar, the last major population centre in northern Iraq under jihadist control, has sparked fears for thousands of civilians trapped inside.
The US-led coalition fighting ISIL in Iraq and Syria says between 10,000 and 50,000 civilians are estimated to be in and around Tal Afar.
UN humanitarian coordinator Lise Grande said Monday: "Families have walked for up to 20 hours in extreme heat to escape Tal Afar," which was running out of food and water.
Up to 40,000 people have already fled the area of fighting.
When ISIL captured Tal Afar, the population was estimated at around 200,000 and was overwhelmingly Turkmen, one of Iraq's largest ethnic minorities.
'Leave or die'
Prime minister Haider Al Abadi announced the Tal Afar offensive in a pre-dawn televised speech Sunday, warning ISIL jihadists that they had "no choice other than to leave or be killed".
"We have won all our battles, and Daesh have always lost," he said, wearing black military fatigues and using an Arabic name for the group.
The US-led coalition welcomed the start of the assault and pledged its continued support for Iraqi forces battling the jihadists.
The "operation to liberate Tal Afar is another important fight that must be won to ensure the country and its citizens are finally free of ISIL", the head of the anti-ISIL coalition Lt Gen Stephen Townsend said in a statement.
