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Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan met Pope Francis on Monday while police enforced a protest ban in central Rome as feelings run high over Turkey's offensive against Kurdish militia inside Syria.
During the 50-minute audience, Francis gave Mr Erdogan a medallion embossed with an angel strangling a "demon of war" - a symbol of peace and justice.
For the first such visit by a Turkish leader in 59 years, the Italian authorities have imposed a 24-hour ban on demonstrations, which will cover Mr Erdogan's arrival late Sunday to his departure on Monday evening.
A total of 3,500 police have been deployed for the visit.
Nevertheless a small sit-in protest by some 30 people, organised by a Kurdish association in Italy, took place on Monday not far from the Vatican.
Turkey on January 20 launched its "Olive Branch" operation against Syrian Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militia which Ankara sees as a terror group and a threat to Turkish territory.
The Turkish army and allied Ankara-backed Syrian rebel forces are seeking to oust the YPG from its western border stronghold of Afrin but the operation has faced fierce resistance.
"In Afrin, a new crime against humanity is under way," the Kurdish association said.
The fighters and civilians killed in the Turkish assault on the region included female combatant Barin Kobani whose mutilated body appeared in a shocking video, prompting accusations by her family and Kurdish officials that she was "defiled" by Turkish-backed rebels.
The YPG, while considered a "terrorist" group by Ankara, is allied with the United States in its battle against ISIL.
The pope, who has railed against the horrors of war and weapons of mass destruction, gave Mr Erdogan the gift of a medallion with "an angel of peace strangling the demon of war".
"It's a symbol of a world based on peace and justice," the pontiff said, according to two journalists present during the meeting.
The YPG, while considered a "terrorist" group by Ankara, is allied to the United States in its battle against ISIL.
Thousands of Kurds gathered in Syria's Afrin on Saturday to mourn fighters and civilians killed in a blistering Turkish assault on the region — including female combatant Barin Kobani whose mutilated body appeared in a shocking video, prompting accusations by her family and Kurdish officials that she was "defiled" by Turkish-backed rebels.
Mr Erdogan for his part was expected to thank the pontiff for opposing the decision by US President Donald Trump to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
"We are both in favour of the status quo and we have the will to protect it," Mr Erdogan said in an interview published on Sunday.
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Mr Erdogan's flying visit to Italy will also include a meeting with his Italian counterpart, Sergio Mattarella, and Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni, with illegal immigration, defence and EU membership, something Turkey seeks, likely on the agenda.
Pope Francis, a strong proponent of inter-faith dialogue, visited Turkey in November 2014, holding friendly talks with Mr Erdogan, a devout Muslim.
While in Istanbul the pope acknowledged that current global crises had made Muslims vulnerable to being stigmatised.
Francis denounced those who said "all Muslims are terrorists".
Relations were not so cordial in June 2016 when the pope, during a visit to Armenia, referred to the 1915-17 mass killings of Armenians by Ottoman forces as "genocide".
The Vatican was then forced to refute claims from Turkey that Pope Francis had showed a "mentality of the Crusades" over his use of the term.
Turkey — the Ottoman Empire's successor state — argues that it was a collective tragedy in which both Turks and Armenians died.
On Sunday, Mr Erdogan also insisted in a newspaper interview that Turkey wants "full membership of Europe" and did not rule out joint Italian-Turkish action in Libya.
