Fast bowler Mohammed Shami led an inspired pace attack to give India the opening day honours after they bundled out Bangladesh for 150 in the first Test on Thursday.
Shami claimed three wickets, while fellow quicks Ishant Sharma and Umesh Yadav took two apiece to pack off the tourists early in the final session in Indore.
India were 86-1 at stumps after Rohit Sharma was caught behind off paceman Abu Jayed for six.
Mayank Agarwal, on 37, and Cheteshwar Pujara, on 43, put on an unbeaten 72-run stand to see off the day's play.
Agarwal survived a reprieve on 32 when Imrul Kayes dropped an easy chance at slip off Jayed. Pujara looked solid in his 61-ball stay so far as he hit seven boundaries.
But it was the Indian bowlers who stood out after Bangladesh skipper Mominul Haque elected to bat on a green wicket at the start of the two-match series.
Yadav, Sharma and Shami took wickets in the morning session before Mushfiqur, who top-scored with 43, and Haque put on 68 for the fourth wicket.
Spinner Ravichandran Ashwin broke the stand after getting Mominul bowled for 37. It was his 250th wicket in home Tests, and he added to the tally by then castling Mahmudullah for 10.
Shami ended Mushfiqur's resistance and struck on successive deliveries to stop the Bangladesh tail from wagging.
Shami bowled Mushfiqur and then trapped new man Mehidy Hasan lbw, prompting the umpires to break for tea. Taijul Islam then played out Shami's hat-trick ball after the break, but was later run out for one. Yadav cleaned up Ebadat Hossain to wrap up the innings in 58.3 overs.
It could have been worse for Bangladesh had India not been sloppy in the field. Rahane, who spilled three chances at first slip, dropped Mominul when he had made only three, and Mushfiqur survived when put down by skipper Virat Kohli at third slip.
