For millennials looking to buy their first home, the hunt feels like a race against the clock.
In the seven years since the housing crash ended, home values in more than three-quarters of US metro areas have climbed faster than incomes, according to an Associated Press analysis of real estate industry data provided by CoreLogic.
That gap is driving some first-timers out of the most expensive cities as well as pressuring them to buy something before they are completely priced out of the market.
The high cost of home ownership is also putting extreme pressure on 20- and 30-somethings as they try to balance mortgage payments, student loans, child care and their careers.
"They do want all the same things that previous generations want," says Daryl Fairweather, chief economist for the brokerage Redfin. "They just have more roadblocks, and they're going to have to come up with more creative solutions to get the homes that they want."
A Redfin analysis found these buyers are leaving too-hot-to-touch big-city markets — among them, San Francisco and Seattle, where the tech boom has sent housing prices into the stratosphere. The brokerage found that many millennials are instead buying in more reasonably priced neighbourhoods around places like Salt Lake City, Oklahoma City and Raleigh, North Carolina. That, in turn, is driving up housing prices in those communities.
Jake and Heather Rice, both 35, moved to Utah last year from Mountain View, California, where the biggest employers are tech giants such as Google, Symantec and Intuit and the median home price is a dizzying $1.4 million or so.
The couple and their three children settled into a 418 square metres house in fast-growing Farmington, just far enough away from Salt Lake City to feel rural but minutes from a major shopping centre and Heather's sister. They did not disclose the purchase price for the sake of privacy, but they said their monthly mortgage payments will be $3,000, roughly the same as the rent for their former two-bedroom, 93 sq metres apartment in Mountain View.
"We didn't expect to stay in California because of how ludicrous the prices had become," says Mr Rice, a mechanical engineer who works in the medical device sector.
Nationally, home prices since 2000 have climbed at an annual average rate of 3.8 per cent, according to the data firm CoreLogic, while average incomes have grown at an annual rate of 2.7 per cent. And in the metro areas with the strongest income growth — for example, parts of Silicon Valley — home prices have risen even faster.
The Salt Lake City area is among the hottest spots for first-time buyers in part because of a staggering burst of home construction and a surge of high-tech jobs. The suburb of Lehi, which served as a film location for the 1984 Kevin Bacon movie Footloose, about a rural town that banned dancing, is in what is now known as "Silicon Slopes" because Adobe, eBay and Microsoft have opened offices there.
Of course, the influx of people from unaffordable cities is contributing to the very problem they were trying to escape: home prices in the greater Salt Lake City area surged 10.8 per cent in the past year, while average incomes rose only 3.9 per cent, according to figures from CoreLogic and the US Bureau of Labour Statistics.
Scott Robbins, president of the Salt Lake Board of Realtors, sees the price growth as having changed the habits of first-time buyers. They are putting less money down and carrying more debt. And some first-time buyers are looking at condos and duplexes instead of houses.
There is also more pressure on families to earn two incomes, rather than letting one choose to be the stay-at-home parent. This could be a particular challenge in the Salt Lake City area, where families are generally larger, and about 28 per cent of the population is under 18, compared with nearly 24 per cent nationwide.
"The one thing that really would make it even more sustainable is if wages would increase," Mr Robbins says. "Whereas before you could have a young couple buy a place and only one of them would work. Now, you need both of them to work."
Andy and Stacie Proctor made a bid on a house in the Salt Lake City suburbs, only to rescind it upon learning there were 13 rival offers. At one point, they almost decided not to buy a house just yet, figuring the bubble was going to burst eventually, says Mr Proctor, 35, who hosts the podcast More Happy Life.
But there was also the opposite risk: "There is the question about whether it's going to keep going up," his wife, Ms Proctor, 31, says.
The couple ultimately made a successful offer on a three-bedroom house for $438,000 in Vineyard, Utah. It includes an apartment that could be rented out to defray their mortgage payments. That will make it easier for them to afford starting a family.
Roughly one in six homes sold in the Salt Lake Valley since 2004 have been in a 1,660- hectare development called Daybreak, being built on land once owned by mining giant Rio Tinto. About 5,500 homes have been constructed, with an additional 14,500 units planned — enough in total to house roughly 65,000 people.
The homes range from $180,000 to $1 million. One of the guiding principles is that homeowners can upgrade or downsize without having to move out of the neighbourhood.
But that cycle of upgrading might not continue as it did for past generations. Home values need to rise for people to build equity that they can use to buy a new house. Yet if they rise too fast, it will become too expensive for many people to move up.
Parry Harrison, a divorced father, 26, of two small children, bought a townhouse in Daybreak for $309,000 in March. His down payment came in large part from selling his previous home, which appreciated a robust 25 per cent in the two years he owned it. He hopes to upgrade again in five years, when his children might need more space.
"It's definitely not a forever home," he says. "It's a lot more convenient if I have move-up opportunities that are right next door."
